Technical Meeting Papers

Technical Meetings are held three times per year.
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202503 – Afshar – CBTC Signalling System & Emerging Technologies; AI, Machine Learning & Crowd Computing for Adaptive Real-Time Train Timetables

By: Parisa Afshar
Date Presented: March 21st, 2025


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202503 – Li – Competency Management in the Australian Railway Signalling Industry

By: Daniel Li
Date Presented: March 21st, 2025


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202503 – Moore – Signal Design Report: What Is It and Why Do We Need It?

By: Trevor Moore
Date Presented: March 21st, 2025


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202503 – Sudholz – Break of Gauge: Competencies in the Australian Signalling Project Environment

By: Thomas Sudholz
Date Presented: March 21st, 2025


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202503 – Turner – Growing Graduates in the Sun: 30 Years of Signalling Graduate Development in Queensland Rail

By: Blake Turner
Date Presented: March 21st, 2025


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202503 – Villegas – The Importance of Operation and Maintenance Concepts in the Delivery and Operation of Rail Networks

By: Selena Villegas
Date Presented: March 21st, 2025


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2004 – July – Modernisation of KTMB’s Signalling & Telecommunication Systems

Date Presented: October 20th, 2024

The total route length of KTMB’s network amounts to approximately 1670 km and is mainly single track except for about 150 km of electrified double track sections around the capital city, Kuala Lumpur, for commuter services.


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1998 – July – Skilton – Tranz Rail’s National Train Control Centre

By: JT Skilton
Date Presented: October 20th, 2024

JT Skilton Signalling systems within Tranz Rail which require control from a remote location can be classified into three types, Centralised Traffic Control (CTC), remote controlled interlockings in Track Warrant (TW) territory and remote controlled interlockings embedded in Double Line Automatic (DLA) signalling. The CTC systems control the movement of trains in both directions over a single line section divided up into block sections and crossing loops. A field unit is installed at each crossing loop for the purpose of communicating with the control centre. TW control requires all trains to hold a warrant for the section of line being traversed. This warrant is issued to the locomotive engineer verbally over the train radio system and checked for correct reception by reading back over the radio system to the control centre. A selected number of crossing loops within TW territory are fully interlocked and equipped with a field unit which allows the Train Control Operator (TCO) to have full control over motor points and signals. Centralised control of interlockings in DLA territory is used where junctions between main and branch lines occur. Central control is used for movements to and from the branch line and, although it can also be used for signalling along the main lines, the interlocking can be switched to automatic for main line movements.


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1998 – July – McDonald – Today’s Interlocking – A World of Applications

By: Wayne McDonald
Date Presented: October 20th, 2024

Wayne McDonald Computer based interlockings today must be adaptable to the vastly different environments found in the many rail networks throughout the world. This paper overviews some of these environments where one such system, WESTRACE, has been installed and it highlights some of the special requirements essential to suit those locations.  


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1997 – November – Brock, Ebzery & McMurtrie – Homebush Bay Rail Link – Signalling Design and Management

By: Peter Brock, Frank Ebzery & Bruce McMurtrie
Date Presented: October 20th, 2024

Peter Brock, Frank Ebzery & Bruce McMurtrie The construction of the Year 2000 Olympic facilities and the relocation of the Royal Agricultural Show Grounds Homebush Bay requires the construction of a high capacity transport link. Heavy rail is the only transport system that will supply the required capacity. The new Homebush Bay rail Loop will connect Olympic Park and the new Homebush Bay Showgrounds with the rest of the Sydney metropolitan rail networkTrail loop is nearing completion and will be commissioned on the 22/23 November 1997.


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1993 – April – McDonald – Westect : Responsive ATP for QR

Author(s):

Wayne McDonald, BE(Elec), MlRSE Manager, Research & Development Westinghouse Brake & Signal Co. (Aust.) Ltd. This paper reviews the particular requirements of an ATP system that enhances the operational safety of a railway in times of increasing cost pressures without materially affecting the normal running of trains. The design of the WESTECT ATP system to be used by Queensland Railways meets these requirements by quickly responding to all changes in the interlocking, trackside   onboard.

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1991 – March – Wardle – The Quality Experience – Implementing Quality Strategies into AUSTRAC Development

Author(s):

Terence  Wardle CQE (ASQC) Ass. Dip.(Eng) This paper will show how quality strategies have been applied to the AUSTRAC project withing Australian National to ensure quality is built-in right from the start, that it is measurable and demonstrable with documented proof.

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1989 – Nov – McDonald – Westrace : Second Generation Solid State Signallling

Author(s):

Wayne McDonald, B.E. (Elec). MlRSE Manager, Research & Development, Signal Division, Westinghouse Brake & Signal Co. (Aust.) Ltd. This paper traces the development of a modular Solid State Signalling System specifically developed for the Railway Industry. The movement from relays to electronic equivalents is reviewed as a basis for expounding some fundamental dcsiln principles. A short analysis of the role of safety is presented. WESTRACE Vital Signaling Systems are overviewed in terms of equipment design and the application to typical railways. Finally, the paper considers the future potential for fail-safe electronics in the railway environment.

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1987 – July – Hancox – State Transport Authority – Re-Signalling Project – The Union Perspective

Author(s):

Ray Hancox S.T.A. In December 1981 , the Austral i an Rai lways Union received a copy of a report produced by the John Connel l Group. The report contained recomnendations regarding an upgraded Metropolitan Signalling System at a cost of approximately f23M. The ramifications of such a project and its effect on staffing levels had to be addressed. The Union had been aware for several years of the necessity to meet the challenge of new technology, and to attempt to exercise some control over its introduction. Having. experienced a turbulent "baptism of fireH through the introduction of Centralised Train Control in the South Australian Railways, and subsequently the early years of Australian National management, it was obvious that the Union's approach needed to undergo radical change. The singular lack of success in securing the retention of employment for Signalmen in their traditional area of operations had resulted in a total loss of morale. Management's attitude to consultation to this point in time had been extremely poor. It was therefore incumbent on both parties to attempt a new approach. Lengthy periods of industrial unrest, and disruption to both passenger and freight services were of no benefit to either management or unions. Since the Union had adopted a high public profile, pointing out the deficiencies of an outdated signalling system and the resultant lower safety tandards when compared to other railway networks, extreme pressure had been placed on the State Government to rectify these problems. Approaches to State Transport Authority management resulted in an agreement to participate in the consultative processes - to their credit, the benefits to be gained such as an improving industrial climate, access to information previously considered to be confidential, were recognised by both parties. Since those early days, the Union has been actively involved in the re-signalling project, firstly on a part time basis in the comnittee stages; more recently in my particular area on a full time basis for the last year and a half. The State Transport Authority and the Union have together achieved considerable success through co-operation and consultation, resulting in major changes to the original philosophy and recomnendations of the consultants. Staff levels, rates of pay. changes to equipment, etc. have all been negotiated. Additional equipment purchased includes a Main Panel display, Route control panels for two of the three work stations, and a changed concept in the inner area - i.e. Adelaide to Wye - Mile End Junction - Keswick and Goodwood. This section will have sol id-state interlocking as opposed to relay iflterlocking in all outer areas. The services of the S.A. Health Department Ergonomist have been used throughout the project, especially his expertise in correct design of the workplace, lighting positions, seating etc. His advice and suggestions have been extremely useful, especially in the crucial area of re-training. In closing, I offer the following observation from a purely personal viewpoint. It has become increasingly obvious that the success of the Metropolitan Adelaide Re-signalling Project has been largely due to the ability of both State Transport Authority management. the Union representatives and the consultants to work towards a comnon goal. I remain confident that when complete the Control Centre will be at least equal, if not superior to similar centres throughout Australia. The only criticism I feel it necessary to note is the reduction in the number of platforms available. I remain unconvinced that nine platforms will be sufficient to cater for future traffic requirements. Also. the inflexibility of the distribution of control where required on an emergency basis at Dry Creek in particular is perhaps an error of judgement that all concerned could well regret.

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2004 – July – Sarudin – ERL Operations

Author(s):

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1992 – Nov – Ness – The Future for SRT Training – Training for the Future

Author(s):

D . J . Ness, MIEAust MIRSE Connell Wagner(Vic) From 1985 to the present, the State Railway of Thailand (SRT) has embarked upon a series of major re-signalling schemes which have and will, continue to replace signalling equipment installed up to forty years ago with modern control and communications facilities. This modernization programme focuses on the areas of highest traffic density within SRT's 3,673 km network and includes the upgrading of some 130 existing interlockings plus the construction of completely new lines and systems. Figure 1 illustrates the extent of SRT's Signalling and Telecommunications (S&T) network as it existed prior to the implementation of the two major projects currently under construction (i.e. Westing house (Aust) CTC Project and GEC (UK) Colourlight Project). Figure 2 indicates the network as i t will be following completion of these projects. These new works represent a 16 fold increase in the number of relay interlockings to be operated and maintained by SRT. Coupled to these developments other projects, both confirmed and proposed, to meet the needs of Thailand's expanding economy, w i l l continue to impose major alterations on the face of the network at least until the end of the decade. A list of SRT's current and future S&T projects is provided in Figure 3 and as will be appreciated the complexity of equipment demanded for these modern systems clearly represents a quantum leap forward in technology that necessitates a level of knowledge, and familiarity with a range of equipment, not previously encountered on the railway. In order for the railway to operate at maximum efficiency i t is not only necessary for staff directly involved with the systems to be trained to the requisite level but highly desirable that other members of the organization, who will also be exposed to them, be provided with a sufficient degree of understanding of the systems that they can effectively deal with the new technology without fear or hesitation (e.g. Operator's & Drivers). With all previous projects SRT has adopted the approach that training particular to each project be provided by the contractor and/or consultant involved. This scheme has proved successful in the past however, i t has allowed different practices to be employed in different regions which complicates staff relocation and inhibits standardization of maintenance procedures. In view of the wide variety of equipment employed throughout the country, and SRT's desire for a flexible and mobile workforce, the decision has been made to set up a national training scheme for all S&T and related staff that will allow the organization to effectively cope with its changing environment.

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1998 – July – Neilson – A History of Change & Signalling Innovation in New Zealand

Author(s):

AEC Neilson BE (Elect), MIPENZ, FIRSE Manager STE Engineering Tranz Rail Ltd New Zealand's railways have a history of signalling innovation and change. Double line and single line automatic signalling were first introduced in the early 1920s and a decision made  to introduce CTC by 1938 (l) resulting in 2 small systems in operation by the end of 1939 and the system between Wellington and Paekakariki by 1941. Appendix 5 details some innovations from the 1950s to the 1970s. Signalling infrastructure was provided to meet operational needs of the time which were influenced by  Government control of the then New Zealand Railways Department (NZR). Despite technical innovation, as a government Department, NZR entered the late 1970s with mounting financial losses. It also faced new competitive challenges. The statutory road transport limit of 64 kilometres that was designed to provide protection to rail traffic was relaxed to 150 km in 1978 and lifted entirely in 1983 thus resulting in more intense competition between road and rail. The network then comprised about 4500 route  kilometres supported by approximately 20,000 staff. In 1981 the status of New Zealand Railways was changed with the establishment of the New Zealand  Railways Corporation (NZRC) with its own board of directors to make it more responsive to the marketplace and rail's competitors. This was the first step in the process of commercialization. NZRC was given the mandate to provide safe and efficient rail and ancillary services in such a way that revenue exceeded all costs and to provide a return on capital at a rate to be set by the government. In 1990 NZRC changed to a limited liability company "NZ Rail Lid" which was still owned by the Government as a State Owned Enterprise. This was then sold in 1993 to a consortium of Wisconsin Central, Berkshire Partners and Fay Richwhite. The Company changed its name in 1995 to "Tranz Rail Ltd" and was listed on the New Zealand Stock Exchange and the National Association of Security Dealers Automated Quotation System National Market (NASDAQ) in the USA in 1996. This paper will review the signalling infrastructure history and provide an overview of how changes to the signalling infrastructure, staffing and practices were managed and implemented from the late  1980s.

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1987 – March – Pallister – The Signalling Project

Author(s):

G.R. Pallister Project Manager, Westinghouse Brake & Signal Co. (Australia) Ltd. The Signalling Project is composed of two separate contracts, Stage One and Stage Two. The specification for Stage One was available in March, 1983. The Stage One Signalling contract was awarded to Westinghouse- McKenzie-Holland Pty. Ltd. on the 22nd December, 1983 - just before the Christmas closedown of most Australasian Engineering companies. Westinghouse-McKenzie-Holland Pty. Ltd. is a wholly owned subsidiary of Westinghouse Brake & Signal Co. (Australia) Ltd. The Signalling Contract was for the design, manufacture, supply, installation, testing, commissioning  and guarantee of the signalling system for that portion of North Island Main Trunk Railway between Palmerston North and Ohakune inclusive. The contract period was one hundred and fifty weeks.

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1988 – March – Wallace – Railway Industry Association – The First Railway Signalling & Telecommunications Course

Author(s):

N. Wallace The first Railway Signalling & Telecommunications Course was promoted by the signalling sector of the Rail Industry Association of Great Britain (R.I.A.). R.I.A. is an association of British companies which provide equipment, technology and services to railways throughout the world. The signalling sector of the R.I.A. comprises those companies whose activities are mainly concerned with railway signalling, telecommunications and related matters. The headquarters of the association are located at 56 Buckingham Gate, London SWlE6AE. The Director is David R. Gillan and the assistant director is Stephen A. Kercher. The purpose of the course was to pass on to senior engineers and engineering managers from overseas railways the knowledge and experience of British experts in all aspects of railway signalling, telecommunications and related matters.  

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1990 – Nov – Baird – Yard & Signal Rationalisations in Country Victoria

Author(s):

R. Baird B.E. M.I.R.S.E. Project Manager, Public Transport Corporation Victoria The rationalisation of signalling and trackwork in the Victorian country rail network is an important part of V/Line8s investment strategy.Since the formation of V/Line in 1983:- 43 signalled yards have been completely abolished where lines have been closed. 18 yards with mechanical interlockings have been "straightrailed" and the signalling abolished. 10 yards have had local control panels installed to replace 16 mechanical interlockings. 6 yards ( 7 mech. interlockings) have been remotely controlled and 2 yards have been converted to automatic signalling. In addition, many installations have been "demanned" by requiring train crews to perform their own safeworking under "Train Orders".To facilitate this, 5 locations have been converted from mechanical interlockings to plunger or staff/annett/cross locking. Where yards are to be retained, it is not a simple case of replacing mechanical interlockings by relay interlockings controlled locally or remotely. Each case must be considered on merit and often lower cost alternatives to relay interlockings are chosen to ensure return on investment is maximised.On low volume freight lines which do not carry time sensitive traffic e.g. grain, the 'simple solution' of plunger or staff locking operated by train crews under train orders is entirely appropriate.

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